Cinematography
Distance
Extreme Long shot- can be used as an establishing shot.
Long shot- Keeps the subject in focus but allows the audience to see the surroundings
Medium Long Shot- Cuts of mainly the bottom of the person so you can't entirely see the subject.
Medium shot- You have the subject (the person) taking up space within a frame and then your able to get apart of the background.
Medium close up- You have the frame cutting at the waste, this allows the audience to be focused on Mise en scenes facial expressions.
Close up- Shoulders up, focuses soly on the expression of the person
Big close up- The frame focuses attention on a persons feelings and reaction by placing in frame a body feature e.g an eye
Extreme close up- The frame puts in focus attention a feature of the body which creates significance to following scenes.
Angles
Low angle- looking up
High angle- looking down
POV- Point of view
Canted- camera tilted to the side
Birds eye- Scene shot from directly above
Worms Eye- Scene shot from directly below
Eye level- shot at the same eye level as the subject
Movement
Pan-Camera swivels
Crab- The base position of the camera is moved
Track-The camera smoothly follows the subject
Zoom-The camera doesn't move but the lens is focused to go in or out
Tilt-The camera has a fixed position but it can move vertically up or down
Crane- the camera is moved up or down on a crane
Lighting
Low key-created by using the key and back lights
Deep distinct shadows are formed
High key- More filler lights so it looks like natural lighting and this is to make it realistic
Editing
Transition
Straight cut- cuts straight from one scene to another
Dissolve- two frames pass through each other and then one of them takes over the other
Fade- When the screen fades to black or white
Wipe- clears the screen
Jump cut- Jumps forward in time
Cut away- takes focus off the scene and goes to another frame so that it can go back to the original scene
Shot reverse shot- To establish dialogue it goes from one person to the other
Cross- cutting/parallel editing- Cuts between 2 separate events that are occurring at the same time
Action match- When you have the subject in focus, you take the focus to another part of the body or something that matches the action of the scene and then goes back to the subject. This allows the audience to understand that time is being moved forwards
Eye line match- When you have the subjects eyes in focus then it cuts to what they are looking at and then goes back again.
Split screen- when the screen splits in half to show that two things are occurring at once e.g a phone call.
Montage- Shows a passing of time, through many scenes in which would take hours to display every detail but the audience understands what's occurring. In a Montague you use fade outs so it displays an ellipses of time.
Pace of editing
Fast cutting- short takes
Slow cutting- Long takes
Flashbacks- Shows scenes from the past
Flash forward- future scenes
Ellipses of time- Makes the pace faster
Expansion of time- Makes the pace slower
Mise en scene
Settings and props
Costume/ hair/ makeup
Body language facial expressions
Positioning within a frame
Lighting and color.
Sound
Diegetic score: sound which can be heard naturally
Non Diegetic score: Specially made backing track e.g a voice over
Synchronous- Existing or occurring at the same time
Asynchronous- Non existing or occurring at the same time
Sound effects- A sound other than speech or music made artificially for use in play, film or other broadcast production
Sound motif- A sound effect or a combination of sound effects that are associated with a particular character
Sound bridge- Music/sounds continue to the next scene
Dialogue- communication between cast members
Voice over- When a character talks over a scene and explains personal experience
Direct address- The use of a term or name for the person spoken to, as in securing the attention of the person, use of vocative form
Sound perspectives: spoken
Score: Non diegetic score backing track that is specifically constructed for a piece of media
Incidental music- Music used in a film or play as a background to create atmosphere
Theme: subject of a talk/ music that accompanies a character or suits a mood or theme
Stings: Musical stings are short bursts of music. They were originally used in TV and radio to bump together different scenes
Ambient sounds: Background sound belonging to diegesis (diegetic) but always in the field of vision e.g quiet sound of a car radio or traffic outside.
Representation
Gender
Age
Class
Disability
Ethnicity
MORE KEY WORDS-
Verisimilitude-The quality of appearing to be true or real
Representational codes- Shown as realistic as if they were direct reproductions of reality rather than representation in the forms of code